II. >> C onceptualizing Indicators for Human Rights >> The conceptual framework It is sometimes helpful to view the process and outcome indicators as flow and stock variables, respectively. A “flow” indicator allows monitoring of changes over a period of time, for instance, the production, import or export of food grains, or the number of reported entries in and releases from arbitrary deprivation of liberty during a reference period. Box 7 A “stock” indicator measures the consolidated result of changes at one point in time, for instance, per capita availability of food grains, anthropometric measures for schoolchildren or the number of persons reported to be arbitrarily deprived of their liberty at the end of the reference period. Outcome indicators Outcome indicators help in assessing the results of State efforts in furthering the enjoyment of human rights. Some common examples are: Proportion of labour force participating in social security scheme(s);  Reported cases of miscarriage of justice and proportion of victims who received compensation within a reasonable time; and Educational attainments (e.g., youth and adult literacy rates) by targeted population group.  It is important to note that process and outcome indicators are not always mutually exclusive. A process indicator for one human right can be an outcome indicator in the context of another.8 The guiding consideration is to ensure that for each attribute of a right at least one outcome indicator that can be closely related to the enjoyment of that right or attribute is identified. The process indicators are identified so that they reflect the effort of the duty bearers in meeting or making progress in attaining the identified outcome. Ultimately, a consistent approach helps in differentiating process indicators from outcome indicators, so that the implementation of human rights can be adequately captured in all its different facets. 3 Indicators for cross-cutting human rights norms or principles The indicators that capture the cross-cutting human rights norms or principles cannot be associated exclusively with the realization of a specific human right, but are meant to capture the extent to which the process of implementing and realizing human rights respects, protects and promotes, for instance, non- 8. For instance, the proportion of people covered by health insurance can be categorized as a process indicator for the right to health and as an outcome indicator for the right to social security (see chap. IV). 38 Human Rights Indicators